Socialist Epoche
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The concept of Socialism by Russell Shortt
From 1870, European governments were becoming increasingly anxious at what they perceived as the growing threat of socialism and working class movements. Reasons for this fear derived from the myth and example of the 1871 Paris Commune, the growth in International Working Men's Associations, universal suffrage and the growth of an industrial workforce. The urban working class had begin organising themselves in an attempt to achieve better conditions. There were two methods by which they organised themselves. Firstly, parliamentary seats were sought and won and reforms were achieved in the political arena. Secondly, improvements were sought by strikes or revolution. Many people become confused by the concepts of communism and socialism. Both political philosophies aim to create a classless society where the means of production, distribution and exchange are owned by the community. They differ in that socialists maintain that they can achieve such an objective through democracy while communists insist that this is impossible. In Marxist terminology the terms have a further difference where socialism is regarded as a transitional phase between capitalism and communism when society is governed by the 'dictatorship of the proletariat'. Marx advocated the abolition of private property and the establishment of a society where the community owned all the means of production. He believed that a working class revolt against its capitalist masters would be the means to effect this transformation. The German philosopher, Hegel was a major influence on Marx. Hegel contended that events evolved dialectically, to explain this concept he employed the terms thesis, antithesis and synthesis.
The thesis is the original state of something which gives rise to the opposite, the antithesis; the contradiction between the two leads to a synthesis. The dialectic process powered by the class struggle is the driving force between the transition from one historical epoch to another. Following this argument, the contradictions in feudalism lead to it being replaced by capitalism, which in turn will be replaced by socialism. The Class struggle which powered the dialectic process was between those who controlled the means of production and those who did not. Each class attempted to subdue the other and in the process caused the transition from one phase of history to the next. Thus, just as the merchants of the medieval era confronted the feudal landlord, so would the proletariat confront and defeat the bourgeoisie. This new state created by a spontaneous revolution would eventually lead to a classless society and to the complete eradication of the state. In this transition period of socialism, Marx said that there would be a 'dictatorship of the proletariat whereby a revolutionary elite would abolish all class distinctions.' The Paris Commune was viewed as being the first example of this concept. As a political creed, Marxism is a strange breed of a dog as it is more akin to a religious faith. Don't get me wrong there are countless intellectual possibilities with the doctrine but it came to be something of a popular mythology, depending on a version of history which stated that all men were bound by necessity and that the working class were something akin to a Chosen People.
About the Author
Russell Shortt is a travel consultant with Exploring Ireland, the leading specialists in customised, private escorted tours, escorted coach tours and independent self drive tours of Ireland. Article source Russell Shortt, http://www.exploringireland.net
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